Litaba
- li-tetrapods ke eng
- Tšimoloho le phetoho ea li-tetrapods
- Litšobotsi tsa li-tetrapods
- mehlala ea li-tetrapods
- Li-tetrapods tsa Amphibian
- li-tetrapods tsa sauropsid
- Li-tetrapods tsa Synapsid
Ha u bua ka li-tetrapods, ho bohlokoa ho tseba hore ke e 'ngoe ea lihlopha tsa lesapo la mokokotlo tlholeho e atlehile haholo Lefatšeng. Ba teng mefuteng eohle ea libaka tsa bolulo, ka lebaka la hore litho tsa bona li iphetotse ka litsela tse fapaneng, ba ikamahanya le bophelo libaka tsa metsing, tsa lefats'e esita le moea. Karolo ea eona ea bohlokoahali e fumanoa tšimolohong ea litho tsa eona, empa na u tseba tlhaloso ea lentsoe tetrapod? 'Me na ua tseba hore sehlopha see sa lesapo la mokokotlo se tsoa kae?
Re tla u joetsa ka tšimoloho le phetoho ea liphoofolo tsena, litšobotsi tsa tsona tse makatsang le tsa bohlokoa, 'me re tla u bontša mehlala ea e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tsona. Haeba u batla ho tseba likarolo tsena kaofela ea li-tetrapods, lula u bala sengoloa sena seo re u hlahisetsang sona mona ho PeritoAnimal.
li-tetrapods ke eng
Sebopeho se hlakileng sa sehlopha sena sa liphoofolo ke boteng ba litho tse 'ne (ka hona lebitso, tetra = tse nne le podos = maoto). Ke file ea sehlopha sa monophyletic, ke hore, baemeli bohle ba eona ba arolelana moholo-holo a le mong, hammoho le boteng ba litho tseo, tse etsang "ponahalo ea ho iphetola ha lintho"(ke hore, synapomorphy) e teng ho litho tsohle tsa sehlopha sena.
Mona ho kenyelelitsoe file ea li-amphibians le li-amniotes (lihahabi, linonyana le liphoofolo tse anyesang) tseo le tsona li khetholloang ka ho ba le maoto le matsoho (e nang le menoana e mehlano) e entsoeng ka letoto la likarolo tse hlalositsoeng tse lumellang ho sisinyeha ha leoto le ho suthisoa ha 'mele, mme li bile teng ho tsoa mapheong a linama a litlhapi tse tlileng pele ho tsona (Sarcopterygium). Ho ipapisitsoe le mokhoa ona oa mantlha oa maoto le matsoho, ho bile le mekhoa e mengata ea ho fofa, ho sesa kapa ho matha.
Tšimoloho le phetoho ea li-tetrapods
Ho haptjoa ha lefats'e e ne e le ts'ebetso ea nako e telele haholo le ea bohlokoa ea ho iphetola ha lintho e neng e kenyelletsa liphetoho tsa morphological le physiological hoo e batlang e le litsamaisong tsohle tsa manyolo, tse ileng tsa iphetola ho latela maemo a Libaka tsa tikoloho ea Devonia (lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse 408-360 tse fetileng), nako eo ka eona Tiktaalik, e se e nkoa e le lesapo la mokokotlo la lefatše.
Phetoho ea metsi ho ea mobung ke mohlala oa "mahlaseli a feto-fetohang".Ts'ebetsong ena, liphoofolo tse fumanang litšobotsi tse itseng (joalo ka maoto le matsoho a khale) kapa ho khona ho hema moea) li etsa libaka tsa bolulo tse ncha tse loketseng bophelo ba tsona (ka mehloli e mecha ea lijo, kotsi e fokolang ho liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo, tlholisano e nyane le mefuta e meng, jj. .). Liphetoho tsena li amana le phapang lipakeng tsa tikoloho ea metsing le lefatše:
Ka faele ea ho tloha metsing ho ea naheng, li-tetrapods li ile tsa tlameha ho tobana le mathata a kang ho boloka 'mele ea tsona mobung o omileng, e leng matla ho feta moea, le matla a khoheli tikolohong ea lefatše. Ka lebaka lena, masapo a hau a hlophisitsoe ka e fapaneng le litlhapi, joalo ka li-tetrapods ho a khonahala ho bona hore li-vertebrae li hokahane ka li-vertebral extensions (zygapophysis) tse lumellang mokokotlo ho fetoha 'me, ka nako e ts'oanang, e sebetsa joalo ka borokho ba ho emisa ho ts'ehetsa boima ba litho tse ka tlasa eona.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho na le tloaelo ea ho khetholla mokokotlo libakeng tse 'ne kapa tse hlano, ho tloha lehata ho ea sebakeng sa mohatla:
- sebaka sa popelo: hoo ho eketsa motsamao wa hlooho.
- Kutu kapa sebaka se ka morao: ka likhopo.
- sebaka sa sacral: E amana le sefuba mme e fetisetsa matla a maoto maotong a masapo.
- Sebaka sa Caudal kapa mohatla: ka lesapo la mokokotlo le bonolo ho feta la kutu.
Litšobotsi tsa li-tetrapods
Litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa li-tetrapod ke tse latelang:
- likhopo: li na le likhopo tse thusang ho sireletsa litho tsa 'mele,' me, ho li-tetrapod tsa khale, li atoloha holima karolo eohle ea lesapo la mokokotlo. Ka mohlala, li-amphibian tsa sejoale-joale li se li lahlehile likhopo, 'me liphoofolong tse anyesang li lekanyelitsoe feela ka pele ho kutu.
- Matšoafo: hape, matšoafo (a neng a le teng pele ho hlaha li-tetrapods le tseo re li amahanyang le bophelo Lefatšeng) a ile a fetoha batho ba metsing, joalo ka li-amphibian, moo matšoafo e leng mekotla feela. Leha ho le joalo, ho lihahabi, linonyana le liphoofolo tse anyesang, li arotsoe ka litsela tse fapaneng.
- Lisele tse nang le keratin: ka lehlakoreng le leng, e 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tsa bohlokoahali tsa sehlopha sena ke tsela eo ba qobang ho felloa ke metsi' meleng ea bona, ka sekala, moriri le masiba a entsoeng ke lisele tse shoeleng le tse nang le keratinized, ke hore, tse emisitsoeng ka protheine e nang le likhoele, keratin.
- ho ikatisa: Taba e ngoe e tobaneng le li-tetrapod ha ba fihla mobung e ne e le ho etsa hore tlhahiso ea bona e ikemele ka tikoloho ea metsing, e neng e ka etsahala ka lehe la amniotic, maemong a lihahabi, linonyana le liphoofolo tse anyesang. Lehe lena le na le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa embryonic: amnion, chorion, allantois le yolk sac.
- diboko: li-amphibian le tsona li bonts'a mefuta e fapaneng ea ho ikatisa e nang le boemo ba sefuba (mohlala, lihohoana tsa senqanqane) tse nang le methapo e kantle, 'me karolo ea potoloho ea tsona ea ho ikatisa e hlaha ka metsing, ho fapana le li-amphibian tse ling, joalo ka li-salamanders tse ling.
- litšoelesa tsa mathe le tse ling: hara litšobotsi tse ling tsa tetrapod, re ka bolela nts'etsopele ea litšoelesa tsa mathe ho tlotsa lijo, tlhahiso ea li-enzyme tse silang lijo, boteng ba leleme le leholo le mesifa le sebeletsang ho ts'oara lijo, joalo ka ha lihahabi, ts'ireletso le setlolo sa mahlo ho pholletsa le likopi le litšoelesa tse hlabang, le ho ts'oaroa ha molumo le phetisetso ea ona tsebeng e kahare.
mehlala ea li-tetrapods
Joalokaha e le sehlopha sa megadiverse, ha re boleleng mehlala e makatsang le e makatsang ea moloko ka mong eo re ka e fumanang kajeno:
Li-tetrapods tsa Amphibian
Kenyelletsa file ea lihohoana (lihohoana le lihoho), li-urode (salamanders and newts) le li-gymnophions kapa li-caecilians. Mehlala e meng ke ena:
- Senqanqane sa khauta se chefo (Phyllobates terribilis): e ikhethang ka lebaka la 'mala oa eona o hohelang mahlo.
- mollo salamander (salamander salamander): Ka moralo oa eona o khanyang.
- Cecilias (li-amphibians tse lahlehetsoeng ke maoto, ke hore, ke li-apods): ponahalo ea tsona e tšoana le ea liboko, e nang le baemeli ba bangata, joalo ka cecilia-thompson (Caecilia Thompson), E ka fihlang ho 1.5 m ka bolelele.
Ho utloisisa hantle li-tetrapods tsena, o kanna oa khahloa ke sengoloa sena se seng se buang ka phefumoloho ea "amphibian".
li-tetrapods tsa sauropsid
Li kenyelletsa lihahabi tsa sejoale-joale, likolopata le linonyana. Mehlala e meng ke ena:
- k'hoaere ea brazil (Micrurus brasiliensis): Le chefo ea eona e matla.
- E bolaea (Chelus fimbriatus): e labalabela ho tseba papiso ea eona e tsotehang.
- linonyana tsa paradeise: e sa tloaelehang ebile e khahla joaloka nonyana ea paradeise ea Wilson, e nang le motsoako o makatsang oa mebala.
Li-tetrapods tsa Synapsid
Hona joale liphoofolo tse anyesang tse kang:
- Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus): moemeli ea nang le bohelehele bo fetisang ka metsing.
- 'mankhane o fofang (Acerodon jubatus): E 'ngoe ea liphoofolo tse anyesang tse fofang ka ho fetisisa.
- naleli e nkoe naleli (Crystal condylure): e nang le mekhoa e ikhethileng ea ka tlas'a lefatše.
Haeba u batla ho bala lingoliloeng tse ling tse tšoanang le Li-tetrapods - Tlhaloso, tlholeho, litšobotsi le mehlala, Re khothaletsa hore o kenye karolo ea rona ea Curiosities ea lefatše la liphoofolo.