Litaba
- Liteko tsa liphoofolo ke eng
- Mefuta ea liteko tsa liphoofolo
- Nalane ea liteko tsa liphoofolo
- Qaleho ea liteko tsa liphoofolo
- Mehla e Bohareng
- Phetoho ho Mehla ea Kajeno
- Nako ea Mehleng ea Kajeno
- Mekhoa e meng ea ho etsa liteko tsa liphoofolo
- Melemo le Likotsi tsa Tlhahlobo ea Liphoofolo
Ho etsa liteko tsa liphoofolo ke taba eo ho phehisanoang khang ka eona, 'me haeba re kenella hare nalaneng ea morao-rao, re tla bona hore sena ha se ntho e ncha. E teng haholo makaleng a mahlale, lipolotiki le sechaba.
Ho tloha halofong ea bobeli ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, boiketlo ba liphoofolo bo phehiloe khang, eseng bakeng sa liphoofolo tsa laboratori feela, empa le bakeng sa liphoofolo tse ruuoang kapa indastering ea liphoofolo.
Sehloohong sena ke PeritoAnimal, re tla etsa tlhahlobo e khuts'oane ea nalane mabapi le liteko tsa liphoofolo ho qala ka tlhaloso ea eona, the mefuta ea liteko tsa liphoofolo tse teng le mekhoa e meng e ka bang teng.
Liteko tsa liphoofolo ke eng
Liteko tsa liphoofolo ke liteko tse entsoeng ho tsoa ho ho theha le ho sebelisa mefuta ea liphoofolo molemong oa mahlale, bao sepheo sa bona e leng ho holisa le ho ntlafatsa maphelo a batho le a liphoofolo tse ling, joalo ka liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng kapa mehlape.
phuputso ea liphoofolo ke tlamo nts'etsopele ea litlhare tse ncha kapa liphekolo tse tla sebelisoa bathong, ho latela Khoutu ea Nuremberg, kamora liketso tse sehlōhō tse ileng tsa etsoa le batho Ntoeng ea II ea Lefatše. Ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki, patlisiso ea biomedical bathong "e lokela ho ipapisa le liteko tse entsoeng hantle tsa laboratori le liteko tsa liphoofolo".
Mefuta ea liteko tsa liphoofolo
Hona le mefuta e mengata ea liteko tsa liphoofolo, e fapaneng ka lefapha la lipatlisiso:
- Patlisiso ea lijo tsa ka tlung: Ho ithuta ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tse nang le thahasello ea agronomic le kholo ea limela kapa liphoofolo tse fetohang.
- Meriana le bongaka ba diphoofolo: tlhahlobo ea mafu, tlhahiso ea ente, kalafo ea mafu le pheko, jj.
- Biotechnology: tlhahiso ea protheine, biosafety, jj.
- Tikoloho: tlhahlobo le ts'oaetso ea litšila, biosafety, liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa baahi, lithuto tsa boits'oaro ba ho fallisa, lithuto tsa boits'oaro ba ho ikatisa, jj.
- liphatsa tsa lefutso: tlhahlobo ea likarolo tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le mesebetsi, ho thehoa ha libanka tsa genomic, ho etsoa ha mefuta ea liphoofolo ea mafu a batho, jj.
- Lebenkele la lithethefatsi: biomedical engineering bakeng sa tlhahlobo, xenotransplantation (ho theha litho tsa likolobe le litšoene bakeng sa ho kenya batho bathong), ho theha lithethefatsi tse ncha, toxicology, jj.
- Oncology: lithuto tsa nts'etsopele ea hlahala, ho theoa ha matšoao a macha, metastases, ho bolela esale pele ka hlahala, jj.
- Maloetse a tšoaetsanoang: Ho ithuta ka maloetse a baktheria, lithibela-mafu, ho ithuta ka mafu a vaerase (hepatitis, myxomatosis, HIV ...), parasitic (Leishmania, malaria, filariasis ...).
- methapo ea kutlo: Ho ithuta ka mafu a methapo ea pelo (Alzheimer), ho ithuta ka lisele tsa methapo, mekhoa ea bohloko, ho theoa liphekolo tse ncha, jj.
- Maloetse a pelo: lefu la pelo, khatello ea meriana, joalo-joalo.
Nalane ea liteko tsa liphoofolo
Ts'ebeliso ea liphoofolo litekong ha se taba ea hajoale, mekhoa ena e 'nile ea etsoa nako e telele. pele ho Greece ea khale, Haholo-holo, ho tloha Pele ho nalane, mme bopaki ba sena ke litšoantšo tsa bokahare ba liphoofolo tse ka bonoang mahaheng, tse entsoeng ke batho ba khale. homo sapiens.
Qaleho ea liteko tsa liphoofolo
Mofuputsi oa pele oa ho sebetsa ka liteko tsa liphoofolo tse seng li tlalehiloe o ne a Alcman ea Crotona, eo ka 450 BC e ileng ea khaola methapo ea mahlo, e baka bofofu phoofolo. Mehlala e meng ea liteko tsa pele ke Alexandria Herophilus (330-250 BC) ea bontšitseng phapang e sebetsang lipakeng tsa methapo le tendon tse sebelisang liphoofolo, kapa bokheleke (AD 130-210) ba neng ba sebelisa mekhoa ea ho arola, ba sa bontshe sebopeho sa litho tse itseng feela, empa le mesebetsi ea tsona.
Mehla e Bohareng
Mehla e Bohareng e emetse ho chechela morao ho saense ka lebaka la lisosa tse tharo tsa mantlha, ho latela bo-rahistori:
- Ho oa ha 'Muso oa Bophirimela oa Roma le ho nyamela ha tsebo ho tlatselitsoe ke Bagerike.
- Tlhaselo ea batho ba tsoang linaheng tse ling tse sa tsoelang pele moruong oa Asia.
- Katoloso ea Bokreste, e neng e sa lumele melao-motheong ea 'mele, empa linthong tsa moea.
THE ho fihla ha Boislamo Europe e ne e sa sebetse ho eketsa tsebo ea bongaka, kaha li ne li le khahlano le ho etsa litopo le litopo, empa ka lebaka la bona tlhaiso-leseling eohle e lahlehileng e tsoang ho Bagerike e ile ea fumanoa.
Lekholong la bone la lilemo, ho ne ho e-na le bokhelohi ka har'a Bokreste Byzantium bo ileng ba etsa hore karolo e 'ngoe ea baahi e lelekoe. Batho bana ba ile ba lula Persia mme ba theha sekolo sa pele sa bongaka. Lekholong la borobeli la lilemo, Persia e ile ea haptjoa ke Maarabia mme ba abela tsebo eohle, ba e hasanya ka libaka tseo ba li hapileng.
Hape ho Persia, lekholong la 10th, ngaka le mofuputsi o hlahile Ibn Sina, e tsejoang ka Bophirimela e le Avicenna. Pele a le lilemo li 20, o ile a hatisa meqolo e fetang 20 ho li-science tsohle tse tsebahalang, moo, mohlala, ho hlahang e le 'ngoe ea mokhoa oa ho etsa tracheostomy.
Phetoho ho Mehla ea Kajeno
Hamorao nalaneng, nakong ea Renaissance, ho etsa litopo ho ile ha matlafatsa tsebo ea sebōpeho sa motho. Engelane, Francis Bacon (1561-1626) lingoliloeng tsa hae tsa liteko li boletse hloka ho sebelisa liphoofolo bakeng sa ntšetso-pele ea mahlale. Ka nako e ts'oanang, bafuputsi ba bang ba bangata ba ne ba bonahala ba tšehetsa mohopolo oa Bacon.
Ka hlakoreng le leng, Carlo Ruini (1530 - 1598), ngaka ya diphoofolo, jurist le meralo ya dipolane, o ne a hlahisa sebopeho sa mmele le masapo a pere, mmoho le ho fodisa malwetse a mang a diphoofolo tsena.
Ka 1665, Richard Lower (1631-1691) o ile a tšela mali a pele lipakeng tsa lintja. Hamorao o ile a leka ho tšela mali ho tsoa ntja ho isa ho motho, empa litlamorao e bile tse bolaeang.
Robert Boyle (1627-1691) o bontšitse, ka ts'ebeliso ea liphoofolo, hore moea o bohlokoa bophelong.
Lekholong la bo18 la lilemo, tlhahlobo ea liphoofolo e eketsehile haholo mehopolo ea pele e fapaneng e ile ea qala ho hlaha le tlhokomeliso ea bohloko le mahlomola ea liphoofolo. Henri Duhamel Dumenceau (1700-1782) o ngotse moqoqo o mabapi le liteko tsa liphoofolo ho latela pono ea boitšoaro, moo a ileng a re: morero oa bohlokoa oa ho fella ka ho boloka bophelo bo botle le pheko ea maloetse ”. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ka 1760, James Ferguson o ile a theha Leano la Pele la Thibelo ea tšebeliso ea liphoofolo litekong.
Nako ea Mehleng ea Kajeno
Lekholong la bo19 la lilemo, tse sibolotsoeng ka ho fetisisa ea meriana ea sejoale-joale ka ho etsa liteko tsa liphoofolo:
- Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895) o thehile liente tsa koatsi linkung, k'holera likhoho, le rabies lintja.
- Robert Koch (1842 - 1919) o ile a sibolla libaktheria tse bakang lefuba.
- Paul Erlich (1854 - 1919) o ithutetse meningitis le syphilis, ka ho ba mothetsi oa boithuto ba boits'ireletso ba mmele.
Ho tloha lekholong la bo20 la lilemo, ka ho hlaha ha thethebatso, ho bile le tsoelo-pele e kholo litabeng tsa bongaka ka bohloko bo tlase bakeng sa liphoofolo. Hape lekholong lena la lilemo, melao ea pele ea ho sireletsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng, mehlape le liteko e hlahile:
- 1966. Molao oa Boiketlo ba Liphoofolo, United States of America.
- 1976. Molao o Sehlōhō oa Liphoofolo, Engelane.
- 1978. Tloaelo e ntle ea laboratori (e fanoeng ke FDA le Tsamaiso ea Tsamaiso ea Lijo le Lithethefatsi United States of America.
- 1978. Melao-motheo ea Boitšoaro le Tataiso ea Liteko tsa Saense ka Liphoofolo, Switzerland.
Ka lebaka la kholo e ntseng e hola ea baahi, e ileng ea hanana le ts'ebeliso ea liphoofolo sebakeng sefe kapa sefe, ho ne ho hlokahala hore ho thehoe melao e emelang tšireletso ea liphoofolo, bakeng sa eng kapa eng eo e e sebelisetsoang. Europe, melao e latelang, melao le likopano li ile tsa etsoa:
- Kopano ea Europe ea Ts'ireletso ea Liphoofolo Tse Nang le Likokoana-hloko Tse Sebelisetsoang Morero oa Teko le Tse Ling tsa Saense (Strasbourg, 18 Hlakubele 1986).
- La 24 Pulungoana, 1986, Lekhotla la Europe le phatlalalitse Directive mabapi le ho hakanngoa ha litokisetso tsa molao, taolo le tsamaiso tsa linaha tseo e leng litho mabapi le ts'ireletso ea liphoofolo tse sebelisetsoang liteko le merero e meng ea mahlale.
- TATAISO 2010/63 / EU EA PALAMENTE EA YUROPE LE EA SEKHOTLA La 22 Loetse 2010 mabapi le ts'ireletso ea liphoofolo tse sebelisetsoang mahlale.
Naheng ea Brazil, molao o ka sehloohong o sebetsanang le ts'ebeliso ea liphoofolo tsa mahlale ke Molao No. 11.794ea la 8 October, 2008, e ileng ea hlakola Molao No. 6,638, oa la 8 May, 1979.[1]
Mekhoa e meng ea ho etsa liteko tsa liphoofolo
Ts'ebeliso ea mekhoa e meng ea liteko tsa liphoofolo ha e bolele ho felisa mekhoa ena. Mekhoa e meng ea ho etsa liteko tsa liphoofolo e hlahile ka 1959, ha Russell le Burch ba etsa tlhahiso li-Rs tse 3: ho li nkela sebaka, ho li fokotsa le ho li ntlafatsa.
Ka mekhoa e meng e meng ho etsa liteko tsa liphoofolo ke mekhoa e nkang sebaka sa ts'ebeliso ea liphoofolo tse phelang. Russell le Burch ba ile ba khetholla pakeng tsa sebaka se seng, moo phoofolo e nang le lesapo la mokokotlo e etsoa sehlabelo e le hore o tle o sebetse le lisele tsa hau, litho tsa 'mele kapa lisele tsa hau,' me o nkeloe sebaka ka botlalo, moo likokoana-hloko li nkeloang sebaka ke litso tsa lisele tsa motho, likokoana-hloko le lisele tse ling.
Mabapi le ho fokotsa, ho na le bopaki ba hore boqapi bo bobe ba liteko le tlhahlobo e fosahetseng ea lipalo li lebisa ts'ebelisong e mpe ea liphoofolo, ka bophelo ba tsona bo senngoa ntle le ts'ebeliso ea letho. tlameha ho sebelisa liphoofolo tse fokolang kamoo ho ka khonehang, ka hona komiti ea melao ea boitšoaro e tlameha ho lekola hore na moralo oa liteko le lipalo-palo tsa liphoofolo tse tla sebelisoa li nepahetse. Hape, etsa qeto ea hore na ho ka sebelisoa liphoofolo kapa mahe a emolisitsoeng a phylogenetically inferior.
Ntlafatso ea mahlale e etsa bohloko bo ka bang teng ba hore phoofolo e ka utloa bohloko hanyane kapa ha e eo. Boiketlo ba liphoofolo bo tlameha ho bolokoa ka holim'a tsohle. Ha hoa lokela ho ba le khatello ea 'mele, kelello kapa khatello ea tikoloho. Molemong oa sena, meriana e thethefatsang kutlo le khutso li tlameha ho sebelisoa nakong ea mehato e ka bang teng, hape ho tlameha ho ba le nontso ea tikoloho ka tlung ea phoofolo, e le hore e ka ba le thuto ea eona ea tlhaho.
Utloisisa hamolemo hore na monono oa tikoloho ke eng sengoloeng seo re se entseng mabapi le ho ruisa tikoloho bakeng sa likatse. Video ena e ka tlase u ka fumana malebela a hore na u ka e hlokomela joang hamster, eo ka bomalimabe e leng e 'ngoe ea liphoofolo tse sebelisitsoeng haholo bakeng sa liteko tsa laboratori lefatšeng. Batho ba bangata ba nka phoofolo e le phoofolo ea lapeng:
Melemo le Likotsi tsa Tlhahlobo ea Liphoofolo
Bothata bo boholo ba ho sebelisa liphoofolo litekong ke tshebediso ya sebele ya diphoofolo, kotsi e ka bakoang ho bona le bohloko ba mmele le kelello ke mang ea ka utloang bohloko. Ho lahla ts'ebeliso e felletseng ea liphoofolo tse lekang ha ho khonehe hajoale, ka hona, tsoelo-pele e lokela ho lebisoa ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea tsona le ho e kopanya le mekhoa e meng joalo ka mananeo a likhomphutha le ts'ebeliso ea lisele, hammoho le ho lefisa baetsi ba melao thatafatsa molao e laolang ts'ebeliso ea liphoofolo tsena, ntle le ho tsoelapele ho theha likomiti ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea liphoofolo tsena le ho thibela mekhoa e bohloko kapa ho pheta liteko tse seng li entsoe.
Liphoofolo tse sebelisitsoeng tekong li sebelisoa ke tsa tsona ho tšoana le batho. Maloetse ao re nang le ona a ts'oana hantle le a bona, ka hona ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e ithutoang bakeng sa rona e ne e sebelisoa hape ho tsa bongaka ba bongaka. Tsoelo-pele eohle ea bongaka le bongaka ba liphoofolo e ka be e sa khoneha (ka bomalimabe) ntle le liphoofolo tsena. Ka hona, ho a hlokahala ho tsoelapele ho tsetela lihlopheng tseo tsa mahlale tse buellang pheletso, nakong e tlang, ea liteko tsa liphoofolo 'me, khabareng, li tsoele pele ho loanela liphoofolo tsa laboratori o seke wa utlwa bohloko.
Haeba u batla ho bala lingoliloeng tse ling tse tšoanang le Ho etsa liteko tsa liphoofolo - Ke eng, mefuta le mekhoa e meng, Re khothaletsa hore o kenye karolo ea rona ea Curiosities ea lefatše la liphoofolo.