Litaba
- Ho tsamaisa peo ke eng?
- Mefuta ea ho tsamaisa peo
- ho tsamaisa peo ka kotloloho
- Ho tsamaisa peo ka sefapano
- ho tsamaisa peo ka maiketsetso
- ho silafatsa likokoanyana
- 1. Linotši
- 2. Bohloa
- 3. Lintsintsi tsa lipalesa
- 4. Lirurubele
- 5. Bumblebee kapa bumblebee e bobebe e mohatla o mosehla
- 6. Bosiu
- 7. Monoang
- 8. Coleoptera
- Liphoofolo tse sa silafatseng likokoanyana tse silafatsang
- 9. Linonyana tsa li-hummingbird
- 10. Lemur
- 11. Letsatsi la Mauritius le khabisitse checheiki
- 12. Li-Slugs
- 13. Mmamathwane wa nko e telele ya ka borwa
- 14. Linonyana tsa lelapa la Nectariniidae
- 15. Rice ea raese
Ka tlhaho, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea liphoofolo le limela e etsa mosebetsi o itseng ho boloka botsitso ba tikoloho eo e leng ho eona. Ho hlahisa liphetoho tse amang sechaba se seng le se seng ho bolela ho arohanya sebaka sa bolulo sa mofuta ona, 'me maemong a mangata sena se beha bophelo ba bona kotsing.
Uena liphoofolo tse tsamaisang limela e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa haholo tikolohong le lihloliloeng, na ua tseba hore na ke eng? Ho tseba, re u mema hore u bale sengoloa se latelang, moo u ka fumanang likarolo le mehlala ea liphoofolo tse ka sehloohong tse tsamaisang peo e tsamaisang limela.
Ho tsamaisa peo ke eng?
Ho ikatisa ha mefuta e mengata ea limela ho etsahala ka thobalano, ke hore, ho hloka kopano ea lisele tsa basali le tsa banna hore e etsahale kemolo. Lisele tsena li fumaneha ka peo e phofo (e tona), ka hona li hloka ho fetisetsoa ho pistil ea lipalesa (e tšehali), moo ho emoloang ho etsahalang mme, kamora ts'ebetso ena, palesa e fetoha tholoana ka lipeo.
Kahoo, ha re bua ka ho ikatisa ha limela, hangata ho hloka ho kenella ha motho oa boraro, e tsejoang e le "moemeli oa pollin"ho etsa hore ho khonehe.
Lintho tsena tse tsamaisang peo e ka ba likokoanyana, liphoofolo tse ling esita le likarolo tsa tlhaho tse kang metsi le moea. Tabeng ea mefuta ea liphoofolo, ba fumane file ea leka-lekanya le limela 'me li bile teng ka bongata, molemong oa hore limela li atlehe ho hlahisa lipalesa tsa monko o fapaneng, libopeho le mebala ho hohela mahlahana a tsamaisang peo hore a fepe lero.
Ha liphoofolo li ja lero, jara peo e phofo ka boikhethelo ho liatla tsa bona, mapheo kapa karolo e 'ngoe ea' mele. Ka ho ikoahela ka peo e phofo, ba e beha palesa e latelang eo ba iphepang eona, e leng se lumellang ntho hore e fihle pistil e le hore tšebetso ea ho ikatisa e phethoe. Joale, ha ho tluoa ho tsamaisa peo, ho na le mekhoa e fapaneng, e meng e kenyelletsa ho kenella ha liphoofolo 'me tse ling ha li joalo, ka hona o lokela ho tseba tse fapaneng. mefuta ea ho tsamaisa peo e teng.
Mefuta ea ho tsamaisa peo
tsena ke tse fapaneng mefuta ea ho tsamaisa peo e teng:
ho tsamaisa peo ka kotloloho
E boetse e bitsoa boithati, e etsahala ha peo e phofshoana e tsoang lipalesa e ea ho pistil ea lipalesa tse tšoanang. E ka ba autogamy kapa geitogamy.
- Autogamy: e etsahala ha gamete e tona le e tshehadi e hlaha palesa e le nngwe.
- Boitšoaro: e etsahala ha lipapali tsa banna le tsa basali li tsoa lipalesa tse fapaneng, empa li tsoa mofuteng o le mong; ke hore, peo e phofshoana e tsamaisoa ho tloha palesa e 'ngoe ho ea ho e' ngoe ea semela se le seng. Ho sebelisoa mefuta e fapaneng ea ho tsamaisa peo (liphoofolo, metsi kapa moea).
Ho tsamaisa peo ka sefapano
Mofuteng ona oa ho tsamaisa peo, peo e phofo ea mofuta o mong e isoa ho pistil ea a lipalesa tsa mofuta o mong. Lisebelisoa tsa ho tsamaisa peo li bohlokoa molemong oa ts'ebetso ena mme, ho latela hore na ke mang ea ikarabellang ho tsamaisa peo e phofo, re tla be re tobane le mefuta e mengata ea ho tsamaisa peo.
Li-subtypes tsena ke:
- pollin ea abiotic: e etsahala ka lebaka la ho kenella ha diphoofolo. E ka ba li-ornithophilic (linonyana), zoophilic (liphoofolo tse anyesang) kapa entomophilic (likokoanyana).
- ho tsamaisa peo ea abiotic: e etsahala ka lebaka la ho kenella ha metsi (hydrophilic) kapa moea (anemophilic), mahlahana a ikarabellang bakeng sa ho tsamaisa peo e phofo ka phoso, ekaba ho semela se le seng kapa ho tse ling, ka hona ho na le maemo ao ho 'ona ho tsamaisa peo ea abiotic e leng karoloana ea ho itlhoekisa.
- Ho tsamaisa peo ea moea o fokang: e sebelisoa ke linotsi le li-drones ho ntša peo e phofo lipalesa tsa tubula, ho seng joalo li ke ke tsa e fihlela. Mokhoa ona o bonolo: kokoanyana e itšoarella ka palesa ka maoto a eona ebe e otlanya mapheo; motsamao o hlahisoang ke ho thothomela o thusa ho tlosa peo e phofshoana.
ho tsamaisa peo ka maiketsetso
Ke eona e etsahalang ka ho kenella ha batho. E etsoa ka sepheo sa tlhahiso ea temo kapa ha o batla ho fumana litšobotsi tse itseng semeleng se potsoeng. Motho o kenella ts'ebetsong eohle mme o latela mehato ea ho fihlela sephetho se lebelletsoeng. E fapane le ho tsamaisa peo ea tlhaho, e hlalositsoeng mefuteng e fetileng le li-subtypes.
Kaha joale le tseba mefuta e fapaneng ea ho tsamaisa peo, ke nako ea ho bonts'a hore na ke liphoofolo life tse ikarabellang ho kenella ts'ebetsong ena.
ho silafatsa likokoanyana
Re tla qala lenane lena la liphoofolo tse silafatsang le likokoanyana, e leng liphoofolo tse tsebahalang haholo mosebetsing oa silafatsa lipalesa. Ka tlase re bolela likokoanyana tse ka sehloohong tse tsebahalang haholo tsa ho tsamaisa peo, hammoho le litšobotsi tsa tsona:
1. Linotši
Linotsi, tsa lelapa la Apoidea, ke likokoanyana tse ka fumanoang lefats'e ka bophara. Bohlokoa ba linotsi e le ho silafatsa likokoanyana ke e 'ngoe ea lintho tse tšoenyang haholo maemong a tikoloho. Re bua ka e 'ngoe ea liphoofolo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa, kaha li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa eseng feela ho boloka botsitso ba tikoloho le tikoloho ea tsona, empa hape le tlhahiso ea lijo tsa batho, kaha li ikarabella ho tsamaisa peo ea mefuta e mengata e lenngoeng hore e ka jeoa. Mofuta o mong le o mong oa notši o teng o ikarabella ho phetheng mosebetsi ona.
2. Bohloa
Bohloa ke ba lelapa la Formicidae mme ke likokoanyana tsa sechaba tsa euro, ke hore, ba na le mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng hantle oa sechaba, moo setho se seng le se seng se bapalang karolo e potang setšoantšo sa bohloa ba mofumahali.
Har'a lijo tse jeoang ke bohloa ke lipalesa, ka hona kenya letsoho ho tsamaisa peo, leha e le ka nyane. Maemong a mangata, ke tse ling tsa liphoofolo tse tsamaisang peo le phofshoana mekokotlong ea tsona, ke hore, li ka tsamaisa peo e phofo e 'ngoe ka phoso mokokotlong wa hao. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ke liphoofolo tse silafatsang le ho hasanya peo, hobane hangata li kenya letsoho ho li tsamaisa.
3. Lintsintsi tsa lipalesa
Syrphids, mabitso a lelapa la likokoanyana tse nyonyehang tseo hape li bitsoang lintsintsi tsa lipalesa, li na le kabo e pharalletseng lefatšeng ka bophara. Ho feta moo, chebahalo ea bona ea kantle e ba lumella hore hangata ba fose joaloka linotsi. Lintsintsi tsena ka kakaretso li rata lipalesa tse tšoeu kapa tse tšehla, 'me ho bile ho na le mefuta e meng eo fepa feela ka lero ea lipalesa tse khethehileng. Ka ho ja lero lena, li kenya letsoho ho tsamaisa peo e phofo.
4. Lirurubele
Lirurubele ke tsa taelo ea Lepidoptera, e kenyeletsang tšoèlè le likokoanyana tse ling. Hona le mefuta e ka bang 165,000, eo bongata ba eona bo fumanoang liphoofolong. li-pollinator bosiu, leha ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ea letsatsi.
Bakeng sa ho ntša lero la lipalesa, lirurubele li na le lisebelisoa tsa molomo joalo ka tube e telele, e bitsoang spirothrombus, eo ba anang ka eona ho fepa. Ka lebaka lena, ba khona ho tsamaisa peo e phofo lipalesa tse fapaneng.
5. Bumblebee kapa bumblebee e bobebe e mohatla o mosehla
O bumblebee e tloaelehileng (libomo tsa lefats'e) ke kokoanyana e shebahalang e ts'oana le notši ho latela mebala, kaha 'mele oa eona o mosehla ebile o motsho, ntle le boholo ba eona bo boholo le villi. fepa ka lero le peo e phofo, tseo ba li bolokang likoloneng tsa bona, bao mokhatlo oa bona o ts'oanang le oa linotsi. Ha ho hlokahala, li sebelisa ho tsamaisa peo ka mokhoa o thothomelang.
6. Bosiu
Tlas'a lebitso la bobi, mefuta e 'maloa ea taelo ea Hymenoptera e kenyelelitsoe. Li boima ba lisenthimithara tse ka bang hlano, 'me li na le' mala o motšo le o mosehla, ntle le motsu o chefo. Le ha lijo tsa wasps li ja haholo, ka linako tse ling e ka ja lero le ho tsamaisa peo e phofo ka phoso.
7. Monoang
Ha se menoang eohle e jang mali, ha e le hantle, ke tse tšehali feela tse nang le mali. Banna, ho fapana le hoo, anya lero la lipalesa le ho kenya letsoho ho tsamaisa peo. Amerika feela, ba fuoa mosebetsi oa ho tsamaisa peo e phofo, mefuta e ka bang 400 ea limela.
8. Coleoptera
Coleoptera e tsejoa e le bo-maleshoane 'me u ahe lefatšeng ho tloha ha Permian. Ho na le mefuta e ka bang 375,000 e ajoang hoo e ka bang lefats'eng lohle, e na le boholo le mebala e fapaneng, leha e khetholloa ka melomo e meholo mefuteng e mengata. Bo-maleshoane ba ja li-fungus, likokoanyana tse ling, metso, lehong, lintho tse bolang, lipalesa le peo e phofo, ka hona, mefuta e meng e kenya letsoho mosebetsing oa ho tsamaisa peo.
Liphoofolo tse sa silafatseng likokoanyana tse silafatsang
Joale, na u ne u tseba hore ho na le liphoofolo tse ling ntle le likokoanyana tse ikarabellang ho tsamaisa peo ea lipalesa? Ho joalo! Ka tlase, re bonts'a liphoofolo tse ling tseo eseng likokoanyana:
9. Linonyana tsa li-hummingbird
Li-hummingbird ke tsa lelapa la Trochilidae 'me li fumaneha kontinenteng ea Amerika, moo ho nang le mefuta e ka bang 300. Li khetholloa ka boholo ba tsona bo bonyenyane, molomo o molelele le o mosesane le mapheo a khonang ho tsamaea ka lebelo le tsotehang. Leha ho le joalo, hummingbird e ja eng? Mefuta eohle ea linonyana tsa hummingbird fepa ka leroka hona, karolo ea eona ea ho tsamaisa peo e bohlokoa haholo. Haholo-holo, ba phetha karolo ena ka lipalesa tse bōpehileng joaloka li-tubular, moo melomo ea bona e ba lumellang ho fihlela lijo.
10. Lemur
Lebitso la lemurs le kenyelletsa mefuta e fapaneng ea litšoene tse fumanehang sehlekehlekeng sa Madagascar. Ke liphoofolo limela tse tsamaisang limela bosiu 'me li khetholloa ka mahlo a tsona a khanyang le mohatla oa mohlala. Mokhoa oa ho ja oa mefuta ea lemur o fapane, oa susumetsa litholoana, litlama, makhasi, peo e phofo le lero. Ba fepang peo e phofo le lero ke sehokelo sa bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea ho tsamaisa peo, 'me hangata ke liphoofolo tse jereng peo e phofo mekokotlong ea tsona, tse hokeletsoeng jase ea tsona, li thusa ho e ala.
11. Letsatsi la Mauritius le khabisitse checheiki
Mokholutsoane oa letsatsi leo (Phelsuma ornata) ke sehahabi se atileng naheng ea Mauritius, e sebakeng sa boroa india. Mofuta ona o boima ba lisenthimithara tse 12 feela mme o na le 'mala o ka fapana pakeng tsa sootho, putsoa le boputsoa botala' meleng, o nang le methalo e sootho mahlakoreng le mohlala oa boputsoa, bosoeu kapa bofubelu. Mofuta ona oa mokholutsoane o fepa likokoanyana le liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo, empa hape ja peo e phofo le lero, ka hona kenya letsoho ho tsamaisa peo.
12. Li-Slugs
li-slugs li Li-molluscs tsa lefats'e tseo ke tsa taelo ea Pulmonata. Leha ho le joalo, li-slugs ha li maemong a bohlokoa ha ho tluoa ho tsamaisa peo, hobane ka kakaretso li ja litšila tsa limela kapa tsa liphoofolo, ntle le likarolo tse ka tlase tsa limela, li kenya letsoho joalo ka li-pollinator tse sa tobang ka ho khasa lipalesa, ho tšolla peo e phofo le ho e isa libakeng tse ling.
13. Mmamathwane wa nko e telele ya ka borwa
'Mankhane o nko e telele (Leptonycteris curasoae) ke mankhane o ajoang mahaheng le merung ea Colombia, Venezuela le Aruba. e fepa litholoana, lero le peo e phofo ea mefuta e fapaneng, ho ba pollinator bosiu. Ntle le moo, e kenya letsoho joalo ka semela se hasang peo.
14. Linonyana tsa lelapa la Nectariniidae
Lelapa la Nectariniidae le na le mefuta e 144 ea linonyana e kenyeletsang lero la lipalesa joalo ka sejo se tloaelehileng lijong tsa bona, leha bongata ba tsona li iphepa ka likokoanyana. Mefuta ena e ajoa Afrika, Australia le Asia, moo e ratang libaka tse nang le maemo a leholimo a tropike. Ka lebaka la bongata ba bona le palo ea mefuta e teng, ba bapala Karolo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho tsamaisa peo ea lipalesa.
15. Rice ea raese
Rato ea raese (nephelomys diabolose) ke mofuta oa litoeba o ajoang Costa Rica le Panama. Ha e tsejoe hanyane, empa hoa tsebahala hore e iphepa ka eona li-fungus tse nyane tse melang maotong a difate. Le ha mosebetsi oa bona oa ho tsamaisa peo o le nyane, ho batla lijo tsa bona ke mokhoa oa ho kenya letsoho ho ho ata ha likhahla ka phoso peo e phofo, e ka ba pota-potileng kapa ka ho ba tsamaisa ka seaparo sa bona ntle ho boithatelo.
Haeba u batla ho bala lingoliloeng tse ling tse tšoanang le Liphoofolo tse 15 tse silafatsang limela - Litšobotsi le mehlala, Re khothaletsa hore o kenye karolo ea rona ea Curiosities ea lefatše la liphoofolo.